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Summary

Language code en
Aliased language codes base, en_en, en_us, eng, enp, source
English name of the language English
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-sensitive
Number of speakers 1,728,473,503
Plural: Default plural 19 translations
Number of plurals 2
Plural type One/other
Plurals Singular 1
Plural 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …
Plural formula n != 1
Plural: Qt Linguist plural 0 translations
Number of plurals 2
Plural type One/other
Plurals Singular 1
Plural 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …
Plural formula (n != 1)
10/20/2026

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Translated 100% 1,972 100% 69,609 100% 481,894
Needs editing 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Read-only 10% 210 1% 661 1% 4,726
Failing checks 1% 2 1% 186 1% 1,154
Strings with suggestions 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
Untranslated strings 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
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User avatar yearling-decal

Resource updated
The “threats/en.json” file was changed. 09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
Aerial physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities from the air for the purpose of gathering information. In many countries, helicopters have traditionally been the predominant tool for this purpose. As drones become less expensive, their use is becoming more common. Surveillance planes are also occasionally used and are much more covert than helicopters.

Examples of aerial physical surveillance include:

- Observing the crowd during demonstrations or gatherings, often as part of an [overt](tl://techniques/physical-surveillance/overt.html) surveillance operation.
- Improving the chances of successfully following the target of surveillance during a [covert](tl://techniques/physical-surveillance/covert.html) surveillance operation, especially at night.
- Locating suspects soon after an action took place and the adversary has been alerted, especially in rural areas or at night (in the case of an arson in Germany, a police helicopter responded by flying over the area the same night[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251103180327/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2023/11/13/munich-germany-geothermal-energy-gets-hot-and-not-only]).
- Locating suspects as part of routine [police patrols](tl://techniques/police-patrols.html) in areas at risk of criminal activity.

Surveillance planes can monitor entire cities, photographing up to 80 square kilometers per second, allowing for the slow-motion reconstruction of virtually any outdoor movement,[^https://theintercept.com/2020/04/09/baltimore-police-aerial-surveillance] with high-quality video at night.[^https://theintercept.com/document/2021/08/31/motion-to-suppress-aerial-surveillance-evidence-in-u-s-vs-muhammed-momtaz-alazhari]

See the ["Aerial surveillance" topic](res://#topic=aerial-surveillance).
Aerial physical surveillance is the direct observation of people or activities from the air for the purpose of gathering information. In many countries, helicopters have traditionally been the predominant tool for this purpose. As drones become less expensive, their use is becoming more common. Surveillance planes are also occasionally used and are much more covert than helicopters.

Examples of aerial physical surveillance include:

- Observing the crowd during demonstrations or gatherings, often as part of an [overt](tl://techniques/physical-surveillance/overt.html) surveillance operation.
- Improving the chances of successfully following the target of surveillance during a [covert](tl://techniques/physical-surveillance/covert.html) surveillance operation, especially at night.
- Locating suspects soon after an action took place and the adversary has been alerted, especially in rural areas or at night (in the case of an arson in Germany, a police helicopter responded by flying over the area the same night[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251103180327/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2023/11/13/munich-germany-geothermal-energy-gets-hot-and-not-only]).
- Locating suspects as part of routine [police patrols](tl://techniques/police-patrols.html) in areas at risk of criminal activity.

Surveillance planes can monitor entire cities, photographing up to 80 square kilometers per second, allowing for the slow-motion reconstruction of virtually any outdoor movement,[^https://theintercept.com/2020/04/09/baltimore-police-aerial-surveillance] with high-quality video at night.[^https://theintercept.com/document/2021/08/31/motion-to-suppress-aerial-surveillance-evidence-in-u-s-vs-muhammed-momtaz-alazhari]

See the ["Aerial surveillance" topic](res://#topic=aerial-surveillance).
techniques.physical-surveillance.aerial.description
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
You can attack infiltrators when uncovered or years later[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260803173852/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2022/03/12/hamburgermany-incendiary-attack-on-the-car-of-former-police-spy-astrid-oppermann] to discourage the practice—police infiltrators are likely to be less enthusiastic if there is a local precedent of violence against them.
You can attack infiltrators when uncovered or years later[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260803173852/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2022/03/12/hamburgermany-incendiary-attack-on-the-car-of-former-police-spy-astrid-oppermann] to discourage the practice—police infiltrators are likely to be less enthusiastic if there is a local precedent of violence against them.
techniques.infiltrators.mitigations.attack
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
Before or during an action, you can incapacitate guards to prevent them from interfering with the action. For example, in their actions on logging companies machinery in so-called Chile, Mapuche people have neutralized guards by disarming them,[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260827041756/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2022/08/04/chile-a-fiery-july-in-the-mapuche-territories] tying them up[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251102193312/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2022/02/28/chile-the-mapuche-struggle-continues-under-a-state-of-emergency] or shooting at them.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260305200339/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2021/07/21/chile-mapuche-zone-ignites-after-the-murder-of-pablo-marchant-update]
Before or during an action, you can incapacitate guards to prevent them from interfering with the action. For example, in their actions on logging companies machinery in so-called Chile, Mapuche people have neutralized guards by disarming them,[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260827041756/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2022/08/04/chile-a-fiery-july-in-the-mapuche-territories] tying them up[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251102193312/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2022/02/28/chile-the-mapuche-struggle-continues-under-a-state-of-emergency] or shooting at them.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260305200339/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2021/07/21/chile-mapuche-zone-ignites-after-the-murder-of-pablo-marchant-update]
techniques.guards.mitigations.attack
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
[!camera-berlin-germany-2011-07.jpg|right|small-web-default-pdf|centerCaption!]
A camera found in the skylight of a public school in [Berlin, Germany, in July 2011](eae://#berlin-2011-07).

Covert video surveillance devices are electronic devices, typically cameras, hidden by an adversary to collect video data.

An adversary can hide covert video surveillance devices anywhere with a line of sight to the target or area under surveillance. Notable locations include:

- The living room of a target.
- The windows of a building close to the home of a target, with a line of sight on the entrance of the home.
- Close to [stash spots or safe houses](tl://mitigations/stash-spot-or-safe-house.html) as has happened in Italy, where motion-activated cameras were installed to monitor a forest stash spot.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260305182748/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/2022/06/24/italy-youll-find-us-in-our-place-as-we-cant-stay-in-yours-on-the-diamante-investigation]

Captured images can be used as evidence in court. Non-incriminating, mundane images can reveal a lot about the targets of surveillance and help in [network mapping](tl://techniques/network-mapping.html).

See [Ears and Eyes](eae://) and the ["Hidden devices" topic](res://#topic=hidden-devices).
[!camera-berlin-germany-2011-07.jpg|right|small-web-default-pdf|centerCaption!]
A camera found in the skylight of a public school in [Berlin, Germany, in July 2011](eae://#berlin-2011-07).

Covert video surveillance devices are electronic devices, typically cameras, hidden by an adversary to collect video data.

An adversary can hide covert video surveillance devices anywhere with a line of sight to the target or area under surveillance. Notable locations include:

- The living room of a target.
- The windows of a building close to the home of a target, with a line of sight on the entrance of the home.
- Close to [stash spots or safe houses](tl://mitigations/stash-spot-or-safe-house.html) as has happened in Italy, where motion-activated cameras were installed to monitor a forest stash spot.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260305182748/https://actforfree.noblogs.org/post/2022/06/24/italy-youll-find-us-in-our-place-as-we-cant-stay-in-yours-on-the-diamante-investigation]

Captured images can be used as evidence in court. Non-incriminating, mundane images can reveal a lot about the targets of surveillance and help in [network mapping](tl://techniques/network-mapping.html).

See [Ears and Eyes](eae://) and the ["Hidden devices" topic](res://#topic=hidden-devices).
techniques.covert-surveillance-devices.video.description
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
The people were tortured during their arrest and in the first hours of their detention.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en]
The people were tortured during their arrest and in the first hours of their detention.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en]
operations.warsaw-3.techniques.physical-violence
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
A few weeks into his detention, one person gave an "extensive" testimony to the police. He claimed this was partly because of two techniques used by one of his lawyers to push him to give this testimony:[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en]

- The lawyer showed him a social media post written by someone from his political scene shortly after his arrest. The post criticized the action for which he had been arrested and did not include a declaration of solidarity. Because the post was the only reaction from his political scene that the person knew about, he felt isolated.
- The lawyer told him that the two other people had already given extensive testimonies to the police, which was a lie.
A few weeks into his detention, one person gave an "extensive" testimony to the police. He claimed this was partly because of two techniques used by one of his lawyers to push him to give this testimony:[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en]

- The lawyer showed him a social media post written by someone from his political scene shortly after his arrest. The post criticized the action for which he had been arrested and did not include a declaration of solidarity. Because the post was the only reaction from his political scene that the person knew about, he felt isolated.
- The lawyer told him that the two other people had already given extensive testimonies to the police, which was a lie.
operations.warsaw-3.techniques.interrogation-techniques
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
In 2016, three people were arrested[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062727/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2016/06/21/chronology-eng] in the parking lot of a police station in Warsaw.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en] They were accused of attempting to set fire to police cars.

The people were detained for 4 months before being released.

In a 2017 trial, the people were sentenced to 3 months in prison (which they had already served), a fine, and 24 months of community service.
In 2016, three people were arrested[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062727/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2016/06/21/chronology-eng] in the parking lot of a police station in Warsaw.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251115062631/https://wawa3.noblogs.org/post/2017/05/24/olsen-gang-replies-statements-of-warsaw-three-en] They were accused of attempting to set fire to police cars.

The people were detained for 4 months before being released.

In a 2017 trial, the people were sentenced to 3 months in prison (which they had already served), a fine, and 24 months of community service.
operations.warsaw-3.description
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
Malware was installed on the computer of one of the defendants.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251129021042/https://earsandeyes.noblogs.org/post/2019/01/27/more-precisions-keylogger-italy] The malware, which was installed remotely over the Internet, targeted a Windows computer and was capable of recording text typed on the keyboard, taking periodic screenshots, and recording communications sent and received to and from the computer.
Malware was installed on the computer of one of the defendants.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20251129021042/https://earsandeyes.noblogs.org/post/2019/01/27/more-precisions-keylogger-italy] The malware, which was installed remotely over the Internet, targeted a Windows computer and was capable of recording text typed on the keyboard, taking periodic screenshots, and recording communications sent and received to and from the computer.
operations.scripta-manent.techniques.targeted-digital-surveillance.malware
09/12/2026
User avatar yearling-decal

String updated in the repository
DNA evidence was used to convict Alfredo Cospito.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260826202627/https://insuscettibilediravvedimento.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/29/it-en-italia-su-una-sentenza-e-qualcosa-daltro-un-testo-di-marco-dal-carcere-di-alessandria]
DNA evidence was used to convict Alfredo Cospito.[^https://web.archive.org/web/20260826202627/https://insuscettibilediravvedimento.noblogs.org/post/2020/03/29/it-en-italia-su-una-sentenza-e-qualcosa-daltro-un-testo-di-marco-dal-carcere-di-alessandria]
operations.scripta-manent.techniques.forensics.dna
09/12/2026
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